As a translator, Hermes is the messenger from the gods to humans. An interpreter who bridges the boundaries with strangers is a hermeneus. Hermes gives us our word "hermeneutics" for the art of interpreting hidden meaning. In Greek a lucky find was a hermaion.
Originally, Hermes was depicted as an older, bearded, phallic god, but in the 6th century BCE, the traditional Hermes was reimagined as an athletic youth (illustration, top right). Statues of the new type of Hermes stood at stadiums and gymnasiums throughout Greece.
- Main article: Herma.
In very ancient Greece, Hermes was a phallic god of boundaries. His name, in the form herma, was applied to a wayside marker pile of stones; each traveller added a stone to the pile. In the 6th century BCE, Hipparchos, the son of Pisistratus, replaced the cairns that marked the midway point between each village deme at the central agora of Athens with a square or rectangular pillar of stone or bronze topped by a bust of Hermes with a beard. An erect phallus rose from the base. In the more primitive Mount Kyllini or Cyllenian herms, the standing stone or wooden pillar was simply a carved phallus. In Athens, herms were placed outside houses for good luck. "That a monument of this kind could be transformed into an Olympian god is astounding," Walter Burkert remarked (Burkert 1985).
In 415 BCE, when the Athenian fleet was about to set sail for Syracuse during the Peloponnesian War, all of the Athenian hermai were vandalized. The Athenians at the time believed it was the work of saboteurs, either from Syracuse or from the anti-war faction within Athens itself. Socrates' pupil Alcibiades was suspected to have been involved, and Socrates indirectly paid for the impiety with his life.
From these origins, herms moved into the repertory of Classical architecture.
Hermes was usually portrayed wearing a broad-brimmed traveller's hat or a winged cap (petasus), wearing winged sandals (talaria), and carrying his Near Eastern herald's staff -- either a caduceus entwined by copulating serpents, or a kerykeion topped with a symbol similar to the astrological symbol of Taurus the bull. Hermes wore the garments of a traveler, worker, or shepherd. He was represented by purses or bags, roosters (illustration, left), and tortoises.
Birth
Hermes was born on Mount Cyllene in Arcadia to Maia. As the story is told in the Homeric Hymn, the Hymn to Hermes, Maia was a nymph, but Greeks generally applied the name to a midwife or a wise and gentle old woman; so the nymph appears to have been an ancient one, or more probably a goddess. At any rate, she was one of the Pleiades, daughters of Atlas, taking refuge in a cave of Mount Cyllene in Arcadia.
The infant Hermes was precocious. On the day of his birth, by midday, he had invented the lyre, using the shell of a tortoise. By nightfall, he had rustled the immortal cattle of Apollo. For the first Olympian sacrifice, the taboos surrounding the sacred kine of Apollo had to be transgressed, and the trickster god of boundaries was the one to do it.
Hermes drove the cattle back to Greece and hid them, and covered their tracks. When Apollo accused Hermes, Maia said that it could not be him because he was with her the whole night. However, Zeus entered the argument and said that Hermes did steal the cattle and they should be returned. While arguing with Apollo, Hermes began to play his lyre. The instrument enchanted Apollo and he agreed to let Hermes keep the cattle in exchange for the lyre.
Epithets of Hermes
Hermes' epithet Argeiphontes, or Argus-slayer, recalls his slaying of the many-eyed giant Argus, who was watching over the heifer-nymph Io in the sanctuary of Queen Hera herself in Argos. Putting Argus to sleep, Hermes used a spell to permanently close all of Argus's eyes and then slew the giant. Argus's eyes were then put into the tail of the peacock, symbol of the goddess Hera.
Other epithets included:
- Acacesius, of Acacus
- Argeiphontes, Argus-slayer, or giant slayer
- Charidotes, giver of charm
- Criophorus, ram-bearer
- Cyllenius, born on Mount Cyllene
- Diaktoros, the messenger
- Dolios, the schemer
- Enagonios, of the (Olympic) games
- Enodios, on the road
- Epimelius, keeper of flocks
- Eriounios, luck bringer
- Polygius
- Psychopompos, conveyor of souls
Hermes' offspring
The satyr-like Greek god of nature, shepherds and flocks, Pan was often said to be the son of Hermes through the nymph Dryope. In the Homeric Hymn to Pan, Pan's mother ran away from the newborn god in fright over his goatlike appearance.
Hermaphroditus was an immortal son of Hermes through Aphrodite. He was changed into a hermaphrodite when the gods literally granted the nymph Salmacis's wish that they never separate.
The god Priapus was a son of Hermes and Aphrodite. In Priapus, Hermes' phallic origins survived.
According to some sources, the mischievous winged god of love Eros, son of Aphrodite, was sired by Hermes, though the gods Ares and Hephaestus were also among those said to be the sire, whereas in the Theogeny, Hesiod claims that Eros was born of nothing before the Gods. Eros' Roman name was Cupid.
The goddess of fortune, Tyche (Greek Τύχη), or Fortuna, was sometimes said to be the daughter of Hermes and Aphrodite.
Abderus was a son of Hermes who was devoured by the Mares of Diomedes. He had gone to the Mares with his friend Heracles.
Autolycus, the Prince of Thieves, was a son of Hermes and grandfather of Odysseus.
List of Hermes' consorts and children
- Aglaulus Athenian princess
- Eumolpus warlord
- Antianeira Malian princess
- Echion Argonaut
- Apemosyne Cretan princess
- Aphrodite
- Eros (in one tradition)
- Eunomia
- Hermaphroditus
- Peitho
- Priapus (in some traditions)
- Rhodos
- Tyche
- Carmentis Arcadian nymph
- Evander founder of Latium
- Chione Phocian princess
- Autolycus thief
- Dryope Arcadian nymph
- Pan rustic god
- Eupolomia Phthian princess
- Aethalides Argonaut herald
- Herse Athenian princess
- Cephalus hunter
- (Also Ceryx)
- Crocus who died and became the crocus flower
- Pandrosus Athenian princess
- Ceryx Eleusinian herald
- Peitho ("Persuasion" his wife according to Nonnos)
- Penelope Arcadian nymph (or wife of Odysseus)
- Pan (according to one tradition)
- Sicilian nymph
- Daphnis rustic poet
- Theobula Eleian princess
- Myrtilus charioteer
- Born of the urine of Hermes, Poseidon and Zeus
- Orion giant hunter
- Unknown mothers
- Abderus squire of Heracles
Hermes in the myths
In Homer's Iliad, Hermes helped King Priam of Troy (Ilium) sneak into the Achaean (Greek) encampment to confront Achilles and convince him to return Hector's body.
In Homer's Odyssey, Hermes saved Odysseus from both Calypso and Circe, by convincing the first to let Odysseus go, and then protecting Odysseus from the latter by bestowing upon him an herb, moly, which would protect him from Circe's spell.
Hermes, at the request of Zeus, lulled the giant Argus to sleep and rescued Io, but Hera sent a gadfly to sting Io as she wandered the earth in cow form. Zeus eventually changed Io back to human form, and she became—through Epaphus; her son with Zeus—the ancestress of Heracles.
Hermes aided Perseus in killing the gorgon Medusa by giving Perseus his winged sandals and Zeus' sickle. He also gave Perseus Hades' helmet of invisibility and told him to use it so that Medusa's immortal sisters could not see him. Athena helped Perseus as well by lending him her polished shield.
In the ancient play Prometheus Bound, attributed to Aeschylus, Zeus sends Hermes to confront the enchained Titan Prometheus about a prophecy of the Titan's that Zeus would be overthrown. Hermes scolds Prometheus for being unreasonable and willing to endure torture, but Prometheus refuses to give him details about the prophecy.
When Hermes loved Herse, one of three sisters who served Athena as priestesses or parthenos, her jealous older sister Aglaulus stood between them. Hermes changed Aglaulus to stone. Cephalus was the son of Hermes and Herse. Hermes had another son, Ceryx, who was said to be the offspring of either Herse or Herse's other sister, Pandrosus. With Aglaulus, Hermes was the father of Eumolpus.
Other stories
In the story of the musician Orpheus, Hermes brought Eurydice back to Hades after Orpheus failed to bring her back to life when he looked back toward her after Hades told him not to.
Hermes helped to protect the infant god Dionysus from Hera, after Hera destroyed Dionysus' mortal mother Semele through her jealousy that Semele had conceived an immortal son of Zeus.
Hermes changed the Minyades into bats.
Hermes learned from the Thriae the arts of fortune-telling and divination.
When the gods created Pandora, it was Hermes who brought her to mortals and bestowed upon her a strong sense of curiosity.
King Atreus of Mycenae retook the throne from his brother Thyestes using advice he received from the trickster Hermes. Thyestes agreed to give the kingdom back when the sun moved backwards in the sky, a feat that Zeus accomplished. Atreus retook the throne and banished Thyestes.
Hermes Trismegistus
- Main article: Hermes Trismegistus.
In the Hellenistic and then Greco-Roman culture of Alexandria, syncretic conflation of Hermes who with the Egyptian god of wisdom Thoth produced the figure of Hermes Trismegistus, to whom a body of arcane lore was attributed. The writings attributed to Hermes Trismegistus were edited and published in the Italian Renaissance. This figure should not be confused with Greek Hermes.
"Hermes" in Islamic tradition
Antoine Faivre, in The Eternal Hermes has pointed out that Hermes has a place in the Islamic tradition, though his name does not appear in the Qur'an. Hagiographers and chroniclers of the first centuries of the Islamic Hegira quickly identified Hermes with Idris, the nabi of surahs 19.57; 21.85, whom the Arabs also identify with Enoch (cf. Genesis 5.18-24). Indris/Hermes is called "Thrice Wise,"( Hermes Trismegistus) because he was threefold: the first of the name, comparable to Thoth, was a "civilizing hero," an initiator into the mysteries of the divine science and wisdom that animate the world; he carved the principles of this sacred science in hieroglyphs. The second Hermes, in Babylon, was the initiator of Pythagoras. The third Hermes was the first teacher of Alchemy. "A faceless prophet," writes the Islamicist Pierre Lory "Hermes possesses no concrete or salient characteristics, differing in this regard from most of the major figures of the Bible and the Quran." (Faivre 1995 pp.19-20)
Hermes in popular culture
Hermes has been a symbol of Greece's postal system since 1861. See Postage stamps and postal history of Greece.
In his 1931 novel, The Night Life of the Gods, American fantasy author and humorist Thorne Smith prominently depicted Hermes (under the Roman name Mercury) as a statue brought to life, in addition to a few other figures from Classical mythology. In the 1935 film adaptation, Hermes/Mercury was played by American actor Paul Kaye.
Hermes was played by actor Michael Gwynn in Jason and the Argonauts (film), 1963, directed by Don Chaffey and famous for the work of Ray Harryhausen.
In the Walt Disney animated feature Hercules (1997), Hermes was comically voiced by musician Paul Shaffer.
In Andrei Konchalovsky's 1997 television adaptation of the Odyssey, Hermes was portrayed by actor Freddy Douglas.
Ingeborg Bachmann Prize-winning author Sten Nadolny's 1998 comic novel, The God of Impertinence, tells of Hermes being freed in the late 20th Century after being trapped in a volcano for 2000 years.
The 2006 fantasy novel Herald, by N.F. Houck, is an autobiographical depiction of Hermes telling his own story and history. In the novel, Hermes also retells many Greek and Roman myths from his point of view.
Many bus services in the Netherlands are called Hermes, following his duty as a messenger.
Florists Transworld Delivery (FTD) use Hermes (whom they call "Mercury Man") as a company symbol.
Notes
- ^ In the Homeric hymn, on his first day of existence "after he had well-fed the loud-bellowing cattle with fodder and driven them into the byre, close-packed and chewing lotus and began to seek the art of fire. He chose a stout laurel branch and trimmed it with the knife..."
External links
References
- Walter Burkert, 1985. Greek Religion,
- Antoine Faivre, 1995.The Eternal Hermes : From Greek God to Alchemical Magus translated by Josceleyn Godwin (Phanes) ISBN 0-933999-52-6.
- Lewis Hyde, Trickster Makes This World: Mischief, Myth, and Art (1998)