Prehistory
The first games which were recognisably MUDs appeared in 1977 on the PLATO system. In Europe at around the same time, MUD development was centered around academic networks, particularly at the University of Essex where they were played by many people, both internal and external to the University. In this context, it has been said that MUD stands for "Multi-Undergrad Destroyer" or "Multiple Undergraduate Destroyer" due to their popularity among college students and the amount of time devoted to the MUD by the student. The popularity of MUDs of the Essex University tradition escalated in the USA during the 1980s, when - relatively speaking - cheap, home personal computers with 300 to 2400 baud modems enabled role players to log into multi-line BBSes and online service providers such as Compuserve.
MUD the game
The first known MUD was created in 1978 by Roy Trubshaw and Richard Bartle at Essex University on a DEC PDP-10 in the UK, using initially MACRO-10 (an assembly language) and, later, rewritten in BCPL; also used was a database description language, MUDDL [1]. They chose the acronym MUD to stand for Multi-User Dungeon[2], in reference to another PDP-10 game called Dungeon (or DUNGEN due to the six character filename limit), which was later commercially released by Infocom under the original development code name Zork[citation needed]. Zork in turn was inspired by an older text-adventure game known as Colossal Cave Adventure or ADVENT. The classic game MIST (also part of Essex University MUD) which could be played from any computer connected to JANET (a European academic network predating the internet), became one of the first of its kind to attain broad popularity[3].
Oubliette, written by Jim Schwaiger, and published on the PLATO system predated MUD1 by about a year. It was so difficult that one could not play it alone: in order for players to survive, they had to run in groups. Whilst Oubliette was a multi-player game there was no persistence to the game world. Following it, also on PLATO, was a game called Moria written in 1977, copyright 1978. Again, players could run in parties but in this game and it was also possible to effectively play while only running one character. They were graphical in nature and very advanced for their time, but were proprietary programs that were unable to spread beyond PLATO. Textual worlds, which typically ran on Unix, VMS, or DOS, were now far more accessible to the public.
Another early MUD was Avatar, written in 1979 by Bruce Maggs and Andrew Shapira, both high school students using the PLATO system at the University of Illinois. This MUD was 2.5-D game running on 512x512 plasma panels of the PLATO system, and groups of up to 15 players could enter the dungeon simultaneously and fight monsters as a team. The game is still vital and running, playable by anyone, on the emulated mainframe at www.cyber1.org.
Commercialisation and spread
In the early 1980s Alan E. Klietz wrote a game called Milieu using Multi-Pascal on a CDC Cyber, which was used by high school students in Minnesota for educational purposes. Klietz ported Milieu to an IBM XT in 1983, naming the new port Scepter of Goth (also spelled Sceptre of Goth). Scepter supported 10 to 16 simultaneous users, typically connecting in by modem. It was one of the first commercial MUDs, as franchises were sold to a number of locations. Scepter (as well as unfinished advanced MUD by Klietz called ScreenPlay) was first owned and run by GamBit (of Minneapolis, Minnesota), founded by Bob Alberti. GamBit's assets, including Scepter and ScreenPlay, were then sold to InterPlay (of Fairfax, Virginia). InterPlay eventually went bankrupt, making Scepter no longer available. In 1984, Mark Peterson wrote The Realm of Angmar, beginning as a clone of Sceptre of Goth.
These text-adventure games (both single and multi-player) drew inspiration from the paper-and-pencil based role-playing games (RPGs) which were approaching their peak popularity at this time, especially with the release of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (AD&D) in 1977.
This strong bond between RPGs and MUDs continued through the years with the release of dozens of AD&D modules and series of related books and stories (e.g., Forgotten Realms and Dragonlance). Influences also came from the gamebooks such as Fighting Fantasy, Choose Your Own Adventure, and Lone Wolf; and also other RPGs such as Vampire: The Masquerade and Middle-Earth Role Playing.
Other MUDs that appeared around 1985 included Mirrorworld, run by Pip Cordre and developed and written by Tim Rogers, Lorenzo Wood and Nathaniel Billington; and SHADES. SHADES was a commercial MUD accessible in the UK via the Prestel system. Mirrorworld was the first MUD to feature rolling resets.
Another popular MUD was AberMUD written in 1988 by Alan Cox, also known as Anarchy, named after the University of Wales Aberystwyth. Avalon, the Legend Lives, started in 1989, was the first MUD to combine a consistent fantasy story-line with a commercial venture.
Monster was a multi-user adventure game created by Richard Skrenta for the VAX and written in VMS Pascal. It was publicly released in November 1988[4]. Monster was disk-based and modifications to the game were immediate. Monster pioneered the approach of allowing players to build the game world, setting new puzzles or creating dungeons for other players to explore[5]. Monster was the inspiration for TinyMUD[6].
TinyMUD and diversification
In 1989, TinyMUD began to allow players to easily participate in creating the online environment, as well as playing in it. The TinyMUD code spawned a number of descendants, including TinyMUCK and TinyMUSH, which added more sophisticated programmability. (TinyMUCK versions 2 and higher contain a full programming language named MUF, or Multi-User Forth, while MUSH greatly expanded the variety of commands and functions available and allowed them to apply to all objects.) Some use the term MU* to refer to TinyMUD, MUCK, MUSH, MUSE, MUX, and their kin; others simply allow the term MUD to apply universally. MUVE is a recent coinage, intended to stand for Multi-User Virtual Environment. UberMUD, UnterMUD, and MOO are some other MUD servers that were at least partially inspired by TinyMUD but are not direct descendants.
Also in 1989, and inspired by TinyMUD and AberMUD, LPMud was developed as a more game-oriented MUD that allowed participants to program the behavior of its "monsters". 1989 also saw the development of Avalon, using its own code base run through the Hourglass compiler. Developed in complete isolation of all other MUDs, Avalon adopted an object oriented approach using the powerful British Acorn Archimedes computer technology.
In 1991, the release of DikuMUD, which was inspired by AberMUD, lead to a virtual explosion of hack-n-slash MUDs based upon its code. DikuMUD inspired several derivative codebases as well, including CircleMUD, Merc, ROM, NiMUD and SMAUG. Meanwhile Avalon had become a commercial game operating in the UK on up to 16 connections at once over a dial-up system using a front end with double Moxa eight port serial cards and 2400bps modems and boasting the first ever blow-by-blow combat system.
In 1992 a second Avalon site was opened in the north of England, Sheffield, to give local users cheaper phone call access.
In 1993 Avalon attempted to circumvent the expense of online connections in the UK with the Hostplay concept; providing access via terminals in Avalon's own offices in central London as well as the continued use of 16 possible modem connections.
In 1994, Mark Peterson rewrote The Realm of Angmar, adapting it to MS-DOS (the basis for many dial-in BBS systems), and renamed it Swords of Chaos. For a few years this was a very popular form of MUD, hosted on a number of BBS systems, until widespread Internet access eliminated most BBSs. Avalon went live on the internet late 1994 becoming the first commercial site on the internet. Its powerful yet parochial Acorn Archimedes technology allowed a depth and complexity unrivalled by any other MUD.
In 1995 the London (and internet) Avalon merged with the Sheffield site and Avalon-RPG became the fastest growing MUD on the internet despite being a commercial game amongst a thousand free games. It also released a specialised Windows telnet client named AvPlay; the first MUD to release such a client, although AvPlay can also be used for any other MUD. Avalon is still running and under further development today.
MUDs can be accessed via standard telnet clients, or specialized MUD clients (which give a more pleasant user experience). These games are still listed at various web portals (see external links).
MUDs: Next Phase?
Online graphics-based games (MMORPGs) such as World of Warcraft (Blizzard Entertainment ) and Dark Age of Camelot (Mythic Entertainment), plus graphics-based social avatar worlds such as There (Makena Technologies, Inc.) and SecondLife (Linden Research, Inc.), are (arguably) analogous to MUDs, and are sometimes referred to as "graphical MUDs" (see next section) or "next-generation MUDs".
Similarities include the basic goals and objectives of the games (where games are present) and the sociality of the environments (the tendency to associate in or form social groups). One difference (among many) is that the majority of MMORPGs and social avatar worlds are commercial ventures. (See: The Business of Social Avatar Virtual Worlds)
Are users leaving MUDs and migrating to the next-generation virtual worlds? Since usage statistics are typically available from the corporations running MMORPGs and social avatar worlds we know quite a bit about their populations (MMOGChart.com). But, due to the scattered and independent nature of MUDs -- independently run by individuals all over the world, hosting populations of 6 to 600, privately and publicly -- it is a challenge to study or survey levels of use of MUDs as a whole from year to year. Therefore, it is unknown whether the population of text-based MUDs has been impacted by graphics-based games and graphics-based social avatar virtual worlds.
Variations on MUDs
Graphical MUDs
Main article: MMORPG
A graphical MUD is a MUD that uses computer graphics to represent parts of the virtual world and its visitors. A prominent early graphical MUD was Habitat, written by Randy Farmer and Chip Morningstar for Lucasfilm in 1985. Graphical MUDs require players to download a special client and the game's artwork. They range from simply enhancing the user interface to simulating 3D worlds with visual spatial relationships and customized avatar appearances.
After the increase in computing power and Internet connectivity during the late nineties graphical MUDs became better known as MMORPGs (massively multiplayer online role-playing games). Unlike earlier MUDs, most MMORPGs are commercial ventures. See list of MMORPGs for examples of this type of game.
Talkers and spods
Main article: Talker
A lesser known variant is the talker, typically based on ew-too or NUTS, with plenty of derived codebases. The early talkers were essentially MUDs, with most of the complex game machinery stripped away, leaving just the communication level commands - hence the name "talker".
They also use very little network traffic, and use simple protocols, making them ideal for setting up quietly at work. Talker applications predate MUDs by many years, although some of the early ones were used to play Dungeons & Dragons over computer networks. Talkers and some other MUDs use InterMUD to chat with users on completely separate MUDs.
People who use these tend to be called spods, and have earned a place in the Jargon File here.
Role-play intensive MUDs
A lesser known type of MUDs are Role-Play Intensive MUD (RPIMUD). RPIMUDs gear toward realistic enforced roleplay which is often blended in with fantasy themes. In general, the objective of the game is not goal based hack-and-slash, but to collaborate with fellow players to create complex and multi-layered storylines in a cohesive gameworld.
The majority of RPIMUDs are levelless and classless, focusing instead on skills, crafts, as well as role-playing against the world or environment, often going as far as to request their players to engage in role-play with inanimate creatures and objects. Such dedication to role-playing, in addition to creating a vivid experience for other players, is often rewarded by staff members who invisibly monitor the game.
Out-of-character communications are mostly restricted if present at all. This contrasts with other forms of mud role-playing styles such as storytelling and freestyle mushes in which role-play is conducted between players and OOC communications are more important.
A community portal dedicated to RPIMUDs can be found at [4].
Psychology of MUDs
Dr. Sherry Turkle, Ph.D. of Sociology of Science at MIT, developed a theory in her book "Life on the Screen" that the constant use (and in many cases, overuse) of MUDs allows users to develop different personalities in their environments. She uses examples, which date back to the text-based MUDs of the mid-1990s, showing college students who simultaneously live different lives through characters in separate MUDs, up to three at a time, all while doing schoolwork. The students claimed that it was a way to "shut off" their own lives for a while and become part of another reality, one that Turkle claims could present a psychological problem of identity for today's youths.
Turkle also explores the ideas of the use of bots in MUDs. She references the Turing Test developed by Alan Turing, stating that bots could be considered truly intelligent if they were able to convince a human user speaking to the bot that the bot was actually human. Turkle presents the troubling ideas of sexual deviancy involved with this, that someone posing as a bot could "trick" someone into believing that they were a bot and allowing them to engage in sexual activity online. Turkle wonders aloud if this could be considered at the worst rape and at the very least an invasion of privacy.
See also
References
- ^ Early MUD History.
- ^ The Dragon Ate My Homework
- ^ Escape from the Dungeon
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ [3]
External links
MUD rankings and listings
MUD history and studies
- Some history and reviews from Richard Bartle's "Interactive Multi-User Computer Games" report
- Confessions of an Arch-Wizard Mud History: Michael Lawrie's account of the early years of MUD and MIST
- Virtual(ly) Law: The Emergence of Law in LambdaMOO
- The MUDline: A timeline of MUD history up to 1995.
- A Classification of MUDs by Martin Keegan, Grandmaster Data Services Ltd, Cambridge, UK
- Early MUD history
- Sherry Turkle has studied MUDs academically.
- HEARTS, CLUBS, DIAMONDS, SPADES: PLAYERS WHO SUIT MUDS Richard Bartle examines and categorizes the types of play and players found on MU* systems.
- Online World Timeline - Raph Koster's timeline of significant events for the development of virtual worlds.
- http://www.fudco.com/habitat/ - "Cyberspace. Virtual communities. Online games. Distributed systems. Opinion, history, advice, and silliness from two guys who've been building this stuff for a long, long time." -- website of Chip Morningstar and Randy Farmer.
MUDs of historical interest
Mud source code repositories
- MudBytes.net: MUD code repository and discussion.
- MudMagic.com: MUD software downloads, discussion, game listings, and documentations.
- Game.org: Hierarchal archive of MUD source code
Other resources
Life on the Screen: Sherry Turkle