The Migration Period (also called Barbarian Invasions or Völkerwanderung) is a name given by historians to a human migration which occurred within the period of roughly AD 300–700 in Europe[1], marking the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages.
The migration included the Goths, Vandals, and Franks, among other Germanic and Slavic tribes. The migration may have been triggered by the incursions of the Huns, in turn connected to the Turkic migration in Central Asia, population pressures, or climate changes.
It must be noted that migrations continued until well after year 1000, with successive waves of Slavs, Alans, Avars, Bulgars, Hungarians, Pechenegs, Cumans, Tatars which radically changed the ethnic makeup of Eastern Europe. Western European historians, however, tend to relate to important dates of Western Europe.
[edit] The modern account
The migration movement may be divided into two phases; the first phase, between AD 300 and 500, largely seen from the Mediterranean perspective, put Germanic peoples in control of most areas of the former Western Roman Empire. (See also: Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Burgundians, Alans, Langobards, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Suebi, Alamanni). The first to formally enter Roman territory -- as refugees from other attacking tribes -- were the Visigoths in 376. Tolerated by the Romans on condition that they defend the Danube frontier, they rebelled, eventually invading Italy and sacking Rome itself before settling in Iberia and founding a 150-year-long kingdom there. They were followed into Roman territory by the Ostrogoths led by Theodoric the Great, settling in Italy itself.
In Gaul, the Franks, a fusion of western Germanic tribes whose leaders had been strongly aligned with Rome, entered Roman lands more gradually and peacefully during the 5th century, and were generally accepted as rulers by the Roman-Gaulish population. Fending off challenges from the Allemanni, Burgundians and Visigoths, the Frankish kingdom became the nucleus of the future states of France and Germany.
The second phase, between AD 500 and 700, saw Slavic tribes settling in Eastern Europe, particularly in eastern Magna Germania, and gradually making it predominantly Slavic. The Bulgars, who were present in far eastern Europe since the second century, in the seventh century expanded their kingdom to eastern Balkan territory of the Byzantine Empire.
The Arabs tried to invade Europe via Asia Minor and Thrace in the second half of the seventh century and the early eight century, but were eventually defeated by the joint forces of Byzantium and Bulgaria in 717-18; as a result they re-routed their invasion by way of the Iberian Peninsula.
During the eighth to tenth centuries, not usually counted as part of the Migrations Period but still within the Early Middle Ages, new waves of migration, first of the Magyars and later of the Turkic peoples, as well as Viking expansion from Scandinavia threatened the newly established order of the Frankish Empire in Central Europe.
[edit] The romantic vision: Völkerwanderung vs. Barbarian Invasions
The German term Völkerwanderung [ˈfœlkɐˌvandəʁʊŋ] ("migration of nations"), is still used as an alternative label for the Migration Period in English-language historiography.[2].
However, the term Völkerwanderung is also strongly associated with a certain romantic historical style which has strong roots in the German-speaking world of the 19th century, perhaps associated with the same cultural process which included the music of Wagner and the writings of Nietzsche and Goethe.
The Völkerwanderung, the forceful expansion of the Germanic tribes into France, England, Northern Italy and Iberia, is seen an indication of cultural energy and dynamism. This analysis became associated with nineteenth century German Romantic nationalism.
Even the term "barbarian invasion" is still in use in some English works;[3] It has his roots in the latin point of view about the migration period: if Germans and Slavic peoples use the term "migration" (Völkerwanderung in German, Stěhování národů in Czech, etc.), in cultures that are heirs to Latin language (French, Italians, Spanish, etc.), these migrations are called "barbarian invasions" (e.g. the Italian term "Invasioni Barbariche"). Barbarian historically has the neutral meaning of "foreigner", but it also has a pejorative meaning of "uncivilized" and "cruel", making it problematic as a neutral historical descriptor.
Even the old romantic vision of the Migration age is different between different cultures: on one side the 'Völkerwanderung': the myth of young and vigorous people, that succeeded the old and decadent Roman society; on the other side there is the stereotype of uncivilized and savage 'barbarians', which destroyed the highly developed Roman Civilization, starting a Dark Age of disorder and violence.
Today the "invasions" of pre-Romantic-generation historians have given way, too: scholars today hold that a great deal of the migration did not represent hostile invasion, but rather tribes taking the opportunity to enter and settle lands already thinly populated and weakly held by a divided Roman state whose economy was shrinking at a time that the climate was cooling. While there were certainly battles, and sieges of cities, fought between the tribes and the Romans, the migration period did not see the kind of wholesale destruction carried out in later centuries by the Mongols or by industrial-era armies.
The term 'barbarian invasion' is still used by Italian work, but with a totally neutral meaning.
[edit] Migration period
In reaction to the above, twentieth-century English-language historiography largely abandoned the German and Latin terms, replacing them with the more neutral "Migration Period", as in the series Studies in Historical Archaeoethnology or Gyula László's The Art of the Migration Period.
[edit] Timeline
- ^ Precise dates given may vary; often cited is 410, the sack of Rome by Alaric I and 751, the accession of Pippin the Short and the establishment of the Carolingian Dynasty.
- ^ "Jene Epoche, in der sich der Übergang von der Spätantike zum Frühmittelalter vollzog, wird in der deutschen Wissenschaftssprache traditionell als "Völkerwanderungszeit" bezeichnet." Manuel Koch, "Das Reich der Vandalen und seine Vorgeschichte(n)" (on-line)
- ^ "Barbarian Invasions" is still a commonly used and accepted term for this period. See for example Katherine Fischer Drew, "Barbarians, Invasions Of" in Dictionary of the Middle Ages, edited by Joseph Strayer, Vol.2 1983
[edit] See also
[edit] References