NIPPLE

The udder of a cow with nipples showing

In its most general form, a nipple is an appurtenance from which a fluid emanates, in this instance breast milk, to nurture a mother's young.

[edit] Anatomy

In the anatomy of mammals, a nipple or mammary papilla is a small projection of skin containing the outlets for 15-20 lactiferous ducts arranged cylindrically around the tip. The skin of the succulant nipple is rich in a supply of special nerves that are sensitive to certain stimuli. The physiological purpose of nipples is to deliver to the infant milk produced in the female mammary glands during lactation. In the male, nipples are often not considered functional with regard to breastfeeding, although male lactation is possible. Mammalian infants have a rooting instinct for seeking the nipple, and a sucking instinct for extracting milk.

Mammals typically have an even number of nipples arranged around bilaterally. In the primitive mammals (monotremes such as the platypus), the mammary glands empty onto the skin without a nipple.

In human anatomy, the two nipples are located near the center of the breasts, surrounded by an area of sensitive, pigmented skin known as the areola. The pigments of the nipple and areola are brown eumelanin (a brown pigment) and to a greater extent pheomelanin (a red pigment). The nipple and areola of males and females can be erotic receptors, or considered sex organs. Stimulation or sexual arousal can cause the nipples to become erect, due to the release of the polypeptide neurotransmitter oxytocin. Breastfeeding or exposure to cold temperatures often has this effect as well. Pregnancy and nursing tend to increase nipple size somewhat, and this increase may remain permanently thereafter. Pregnancy also increases the pigmentation of the nipples. The erection of the nipple is due to its succulence, as well as the cylindrically arranged muscle cells found within it. Some persons also have adult breastfeeding relationships. In many women there are small bulges on the areola, which are called 'montgomerey bodies'.

Embryologically, nipples develop along the 'milk lines' which in humans extend from the axilla (armpit) down to the pubis (groin) on both sides. Other mammals such as cats and dogs develop more nipples along the milk lines, in number generally approximating the average litter size for that species, rounded up to an even number. Most people develop two nipples (one on each breast) but some have supernumerary nipples. Occasionally, these have lactiferous glands attached.

Sometimes, babies (male or female) are born producing milk. This, called 'witch's milk', is caused by maternal estrogens acting on the baby and is quite normal. Witch's milk disappears after several days.

[edit] See also

• List of sexology topics: Areola, Breast, Erection, Male lactation, Masters and Johnson, Masturbation, Nudity, Sex organ, Sexual arousal
• Biological development: Breastfeeding, Infant, Inverted nipple, Oxytocin, Prolactin, Supernumerary (third) nipple, Tit, Wet nurse, Witch's milk
• Modification methods: Nipple piercing, Body nullification, Jewellery

[edit] References

• Stephen Jay Gould, "Male Nipples and Clitoral Ripples", in Adam's Navel and Other Essays, London: Penguin, 1995.