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REFERENCE QUESTION

For reference questions in the context of libraries, see Reference interview.

A Reference Question is a submission by the federal or a provincial government to the courts asking for an opinion on a major issue of Canadian law. Typically the question concerns the constitutionality of legislation.

The federal government, under the Supreme Court Act, may submit a question to the Supreme Court of Canada. Interested parties are able to apply for intervener status to make submissions during the hearing and where necessary the Court may appoint an amicus curiae to submit a factum to support a particular view. The opinion given by the Supreme Court is in the form of a judicial decision but is not legally binding, nevertheless no government has ever ignored the opinion.

The provincial government, under their respective Constitutional Questions Acts, are able to submit questions to the provincial Superior Court or Court of Appeal. The process is very similar to the federal government reference questions, however, with any opinion the government has the right to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada.

Notable federal reference questions

As of 2005, there have been 75 federal references since 1892. Some of the most notable include:

Notable provincial reference questions

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