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SPARTACUS

This article refers to the Roman slave who staged a rebellion against his masters. For other uses see Spartacus (disambiguation).

Spartacus, who was believed to be a Thracian (born in what is now Sandanski in present-day Bulgaria), was enslaved by the Romans and led a large slave uprising in what is now Italy during the period 73 BC to 71 BC. His army of escaped gladiators and slaves defeated many Roman legions in several engagements. This conflict is known as the Third Servile War or the Gladiator War and is one of the three slave rebellions of ancient Rome.

Contents

The Revolt

Main article: Third Servile War

Origins of Spartacus

Many sources claim that Spartacus was a Thracian, enslaved either when captured fighting against Rome or after being outlawed for mutinying or deserting from the Roman auxiliary forces in Macedonia. (The auxiliary forces were made up entirely of men from subject lands who willingly fought for the Romans.) That he was actually a Thracian is debated. While the Roman army was indeed campaigning in Thrace and Macedonia at the age Spartacus was likely to have been enslaved, Roman gladiators at that time were always one of two types: Gauls and Thracians. One did not actually have to be a Gaul or Thracian in order to be trained in one of the two schools of gladiatorial style, so Spartacus may have later become known as "Thracian" simply because he was trained in the Thracian gladiator style. Plutarch described Spartacus as "intelligent and cultured, being more like a Greek than a Thracian".[1] Spartacus means "from the city of Sparta" in Latin. [2]

Whatever his origins, we know that Spartacus was trained at the gladiatorial school of Batiatus, named after its owner Lentulus Batiatus in Capua. Spartacus took his ideas from Blossius of Cumae, which can be summarized as: "the last will be the first [and vice versa]." (This is also a frequent Biblical quote of Jesus Christ, made early in the next century after Spartacus.).

Rebellion

In 73 BCE, Spartacus and some seventy[1] followers escaped from a gladiator ludo in Capua, including the gladiator Jaunus Maximi who had inspired Spartacus but later died in a battle against Crassus.[citation needed] Seizing the knives in the cook's shop and a wagon full of weapons, the slaves fled to the caldera of Mount Vesuvius, near modern day Naples. There they were joined by other rural slaves. The group overran the region, plundering and pillaging, although Spartacus apparently tried to restrain them. His chief aides were gladiators from Gaul, named Crixus, Castus, Gannicus and Oenomaus. His numbers were swelled by other runaway slaves until it eventually grew into an army allegedly composed of 120,000 escaped slaves. The slave-to-Roman citizen ratio at that time was very high, making this slave rebellion a very serious threat to Rome. The Senate sent a praetor, Claudius Glaber (his nomen may have been Clodius; his praenomen is unknown), against the rebel slaves, with a militia of about 3,000. They besieged the rebels on Vesuvius, but Spartacus led his men down the other side of the mountain using vines, maneuvered to the rear of the Roman soldiers, and staged a surprise attack on them. Most of the Roman soldiers were killed in this attack, including Claudius Glaber. [citation needed]

Military success continues

Spartacus' forces defeated two more Roman legions sent to crush them before settling down to spend the winter on the south coast, manufacturing weapons. At this point, Spartacus' many followers were not all able-bodied males; some of them were women, children, and elderly men who tagged along. Those who joined him came great distances to do so, believing he could deliver them to freedom. By spring they marched towards the north and Gaul. The Senate, alarmed, finally sent two consuls (Gellius Publicola and Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus), each with two legions, against the rebels. The Gauls and Germans, who had separated themselves from Spartacus, were defeated by Publicola, and Crixus was killed. Spartacus defeated Lentulus, and then Publicola. At Picenum in central Italy, Spartacus defeated the consular armies, then pushed north and at Mutina (modern-day Modena) they defeated yet another legion under Gaius Cassius Longinus, the Governor of Cisalpine Gaul ("Gaul this side of the Alps").

Choice to remain in Italy

Spartacus had apparently intended to march his army out of Italy and into Gaul (modern-day Switzerland and France) or maybe even to Hispania to join the rebellion of Quintus Sertorius. However, he changed his mind, the sources say, under the pressure of his followers, who wanted more plunder. Although it will never be known for certain why his forces turned back south when they were on the brink of escaping into Gaul, it will always be regarded as his greatest mistake. Perhaps their many victories made them overconfident, or perhaps they believed that they would escape to Sicily as planned, and could plunder more in the meantime. There are theories that say that some of the non-fighting followers (some 10,000 or so) did, in fact, cross the Alps and return to their homelands. The rest marched back south, and defeated two more legions under Marcus Licinius Crassus, who at that time was the wealthiest man in Rome. At the end of 72 BC, Spartacus was encamped in Rhegium (Reggio Calabria), near the Strait of Messina (the "tip of the Italian boot").

Spartacus' deal with Cilician pirates to get them to Sicily fell through. In the beginning of 71 BCE, eight legions of Crassus isolated Spartacus's army in Calabria. With the assassination of Quintus Sertorius, the Roman Senate also recalled Pompey from Hispania; and Lucullus from northern Anatolia where he was campaigning against Rome's most obstinate enemy Mithridates VI of Pontus.

Spartacus managed to break through Crassus's lines, and escaped towards Brundisium (modern-day Brindisi), but Crassus's forces intercepted them in Lucania, and Spartacus was killed in a subsequent battle at the river Silarus. After the battle, legionaries found and rescued 3,000 unharmed Roman prisoners in their camp.

Approximately 6,000 of Spartacus's followers were crucified along the Via Appia (or the Appian Way) from Capua to Rome. Crassus never gave orders for the bodies to be taken down, thus travelers were forced to see the bodies for years, perhaps decades, after the final battle.

Around 5,000 slaves, however, escaped the capture. They fled north and were later destroyed by Pompey, who was coming back from Roman Iberia. This enabled him also to claim credit for ending this war. Pompey was greeted as a hero in Rome while Crassus received little credit or celebration.

Spartacus' body was never found.

Sources

Our original sources about the Spartacus revolt are the works of historians Plutarch, Appian, Florus, Orosius, and Sallust.

Spartacus in modern times

Political

Fictionalisations of his life

Film

Main article: Spartacus (film)
  • Silent movie

Literature

Music

  • Spartacus was also a ballet written by composer Aram Khachaturian.
  • The German group Triumvirat released the album Spartacus in 1975.
  • The Farm's debut LP in 1991 was titled Spartacus.
  • Spartacus is also the name of an album by Jeff Wayne from 1992.
  • The anti-fascist punk/rock band Angelic Upstarts released an album in 2004 named "Sons Of Spartacus"

Theatre

  • Spartacus Returns, an Indian ballet/play [3]

Other

  • The videogame God of War was loosely based on the trails of Spartacus and his rebellion (though mainly based on Ares, the Greek god of war).
  • The video game Spartan: Total Warrior [4] was also loosely based on the journey of Spartacus.
  • Adam Weishaupt, Freemason and supposed founder of the Illuminati, used "Spartacus" as a nom de plume.
  • A Chicago based graffiti artist The Infamous Mr.ZIN uses Spartacus as a model.
  • In the 2003 movie, The Recruit, James Clayton (played by Colin Farrell), creates a webcast software program called "Spartacus", that can gain control of all webcast devices in a particular area. The students who created the program in the film say it was named for "the slave revolt."
  • The player-controlled spaceship in the space simulation game Independence War: Defiance was dubbed the Spartacus, with a gladiator crudely emblazoned across its hull.
  • The title character of the cartoon series Spartakus and the Sun Beneath the Sea is loosely based on Spartacus.
  • The name of the character Sportacus in the children's television program LazyTown is a pun on Spartacus.
  • in the 1996 movie, That Thing You Do!, Guy Patterson (Played by Tom Everett Scott), frequently states "I am Spartacus!"
  • In 2006 a nomadic rugby 7's team was born under the name of Spartacus. The team is a close-knit group of friends who, based all over the world, periodically convene and fearlessly play opposition far better equipped than themselves in the true spirit of the ancient slave himself. Despite these difficult odds, Spartacus 7's continues to win silverware wherever they play.
  • Spartacus was featured in the game Heroscape in the wave known as Thora's Vengeance.

Further reading

Classical authors

  • Appian. Civil Wars. Translated by J. Carter. (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1996)
  • Florus. Epitome of Roman History. (London: W. Heinemann, 1947)
  • Orosius. The Seven Books of History Against the Pagans. Translated by Roy J. Deferrari. (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1964).
  • Plutarch. Fall of the Roman Republic. Translated by R. Warner. (London: Penguin Books, 1972).
  • Sallust. Conspiracy of Catiline and the War of Jugurtha. (London: Constable, 1924)

Modern historiography

  • Bradley, Keith R. Slavery and Rebellion in the Roman World, 140 B.C.–70 B.C. Bloomington; Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1989 (hardcover, ISBN 0253312590); 1998 (paperback, ISBN 0253211697). [Chapter V] The Slave War of Spartacus, pp. 83–101.
  • Rubinsohn, Wolfgang Zeev. Spartacus' Uprising and Soviet Historical Writing. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 1987 (paperback, ISBN 0951124315).
  • Trow, M.J. Spartacus: The Myth and the Man. Stroud, United Kingdom: Sutton Publishing, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0750939079).

References

  1. ^ Plutarch, Life of Crassus, 8:1-2; Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116; Livy, Periochae, 95:2; Florus, Epitome, 2.8; Plutarch claims 78 escaped, Livy claims 74, Appian "about seventy", and Florus says "thirty or rather more men".

Honours

Spartacus Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named for Spartacus.

External links